National movement & independence
Mass mobilisation, constitutional negotiations and the consequences of partition.
An introductory chronology from early urban societies to the republic, supported by NCERT, official archives and institutional histories. Ancient dates are approximate, and different regional histories overlap rather than forming a single uniform sequence.
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A national political organisation emerged and later became central to the independence movement.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗1885
Champaran movement
Gandhi’s intervention concerned grievances among indigo cultivators.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗1917
Rowlatt protests and Jallianwala Bagh
Repression and the Amritsar massacre intensified opposition to colonial rule.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗1919
Non-cooperation movement
A broad movement challenged colonial institutions through non-cooperation.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗1920–1922
Purna Swaraj
Congress adopted complete independence as its goal; 26 January 1930 was observed as Independence Day.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗1929–1930
Salt March
The march to Dandi challenged the colonial salt monopoly.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗12 Mar–6 Apr 1930
Quit India movement
A mass call to end British rule was followed by repression and widespread resistance.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗1942
Independence and partition
India became independent amid partition, displacement and communal violence.
NCERT · Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement ↗- Independence and the human consequences of partition must be understood together.
15 Aug 1947
Partition and displacement
The division of British India created India and Pakistan amid large-scale displacement, violence and the challenge of rehabilitation.
NCERT · Challenges of Nation Building ↗- Read political decisions alongside the experiences of displaced communities.
1947
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