Civic institutions
Constitutional roles, accountability and elections.
A civic reference with all 25 retained Parts and all 12 Schedules. Article ranges retain constitutional numbering and may contain omitted provisions. Part VII was omitted. Legal provisions should be read in the official text and relevant judgments.
Explore this topic in the interactive atlas →President of India
Constitutional head of the Union executive.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗- Acts under the Constitution, ordinarily on ministerial aid and advice.
Articles 52–62
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
Political executive supporting and advising the President.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗Articles 74–75
Parliament
The President, Council of States and House of the People form Parliament.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗- Rajya Sabha is the Council of States; Lok Sabha is the House of the People.
Article 79
State governments
Governors, councils of ministers and state legislatures operate under Part VI.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗Part VI
Supreme Court and High Courts
An integrated judiciary upholds constitutional and legal authority.
Supreme Court · Constitution ↗- Supreme Court law is binding on courts in India under Article 141.
Election Commission
Supervises elections within its constitutional remit.
Election Commission of India ↗- Article 324 covers Parliament, state legislatures, President and Vice-President elections.
- State Election Commissions conduct local-body elections.
Article 324
Comptroller and Auditor General
Constitutional authority for public audit.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗Articles 148–151
Union and State Public Service Commissions
Constitutional commissions concerned with public-service recruitment and advice.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗Articles 315–323
Finance Commission
Recommends specified arrangements for distributing public financial resources.
Legislative Department · Constitution of India ↗Article 280
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