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Early societies & kingdoms
National movement & independence
Building the republic

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1947

India became independent amid partition, displacement and communal violence.

The following years brought constitutional debate, integration and the work of building a democratic republic.

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Partition & new nations Princely-state integration Building the republic

15 Aug 1947Freedom at midnightIndia became independent amid partition, displacement and communal violence.1947Partition & displacementThe division of British India created India and Pakistan amid large-scale displacement, violence and the challenge of rehabilitation.26 Jan 1950Constitution comes into forceThe Constitution’s general commencement established the republican framework.From 1947Integration of princely statesAccession and integration brought princely states into the Indian Union through a process involving negotiation and varied regional circumstances.

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